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Prof. Dr. S.V. Zagraevsky

Vasily III’s palace and temple complex in Alexandrov Sloboda

and its place in typological development of tsar’s manors of XVI c.

Published in Russian: Заграевский С.В. Дворцово-храмовый комплекс Василия III в Александровской слободе и его место в типологическом развитии царской усадьбы XVI века. Материалы XV межрегиональной краеведческой конференции (16 апреля 2010 г.). Владимир, 2010. С. 346–369.

Annotation

The article confirmes the fact of the end of construction in 1513 in Alexandrov Sloboda of the yard of Vasily III. This yard was well fortified, it occupied almost the entire territory of the existing monastery of the Dormition, and consisted of the palace-temple complex of four temples and surrounding chambers. Alexandrov Sloboda was the "far" yard of Vasily III, and the "near" one was Kolomenskoye. These estates were inherited by Ivan IV. The article also shows that such pairs of estates – "near" and "far" – Ivan III (respectively Naprudnoe and Sinkovo), and Boris Godunov (Khoroshevo and Bolshie Vyazemy, then Ostrov and Borisov Gorodok) had.

Attention!

The following text was translated from the Russian original by the computer program

and has not yet been edited.

So it can be used only for general introduction.

RUSSIAN VERSION

What Alexandrov Sloboda at the beginning of the XVI century there was a Palace-temple complex (country estate) Vasily III, the researchers knew already in the mid-twentieth century. This is directly followed from the message "Trinity chronicle, speaking about the completion of the Grand court in the Settlement: "Summer 7021 October 3 Sergius in the monastery of the founding Sergievo monastery gate kirpichnyi, and on the Sabbath.%Those years December 1 ssna byst tsrkv Cover STEI btsy in the New village Oleksandrovskom. Then f knz great and yard vshel (my italics - SZ). In g msca December 15 ssna byst tsrkv kirpichnyi in Sergius monastery of St. sty Sergius, and smal her aspy Mitrofan Kolomna Yes hegumen Pamva, and on swnie was knz great"¹.

However, the true scale of this architecture to the%

- Pokrovsky, now Trinity Cathedral (in the future will be without reservations call it Pokrovsky) Dating from 1513 year on the basis of the above messages "Trinity chronicle;

Trinity, now protection, the Church will continue without reservations call it the Trinity) is usually dated to the second construction period Sloboda - stay Ivan IV (from 1565 to 1582 year; since the construction theoretically could start a little earlier arrival of Grozny in Sloboda, as the date is tentatively accepted 1560-1570-ies). The reason for this has been Dating her tent top. Traditionally it was believed that the first marquee Church was the Church of the ascension in Kolomenskoye, built in 1529-1532 years, and on the basis of this theoretical p is%8

Uspensky Church is conventionally dated or years of construction of the Pokrovsky Cathedral, or the years of construction of Trinity Church;

- Crucifixion bell to 1710 - the Church of Metropolitan Alexei) also dated 1560 mi 1570 years. After the 1940-ies's Polonsky was found inside her earlier pillar-shaped building², the latter were attributed to the first construction period Sloboda and date, as St. Basil's Cathedral, 1513 (hereinafter, for simplicity, we will refer to the Crucifixion of kaloko

Alexandrovskaya Sloboda. Pokrovsky (now Trinity) Cathedral.

Alexandrovskaya Sloboda. Trinity (now Pokrovskaya) Church.

Alexandrovskaya Sloboda. Assumption Church.

Alexandrovskaya Sloboda. Crucifixion tower.

Accordingly, in the Grand estate of Vasily III in the Settlement researchers of the mid-twentieth century included only the intercession Cathedral and the Church of Metropolitan Alexei with hypothetical adjacent chambers of the Palace, the scale of which was unclear.

In this form of Dating sites Sloboda XVI century and the General idea of the Palace-temple complex of Vasily III existed until investigations Kavelmahera. In 1980-1990-ies of the scientist spent an unprecedented series of excavations and soundings, which revealed a fundamental fact: Pokrovsky Cathedral, Holy Trinity Church, assumption Church and the Church of Metropolitan Alexis (in the future will for simplicity to call them first temples of Alexandrov Sloboda) with their surrounding the complex of the Palace chambers were built in the same building period.

In all these monuments Kavelmaher noted materials (brick and white stone) similar conditions, homogeneous binding identical connecting iron, machinery mixed masonry, United Italianate "graphical style of the Russian court of architecture XVI century, with the use of the same, clearly unified, units and components - shaped panels, sets of profiles of base, crowning rods and capitals. Laying all the temples were originally open - did not dyed and not bleached, was tinted white gesso just some made of brick elements of decor. All speakers white stone elements were the same type of bonded brackets. All churches (except for the pillars of the Church of Metropolitan Alexei) were constructed with aisles and adjacent chambers of the Palace, and the Trinity and assumption - even from the cellar. In the interests of the entire ensemble of false and misleading podkletny story porch with a belfry and the Church received Metropolitan Alexei. Varied buildings among themselves only by the amount and quality of coverage of their "prazhskoe" thread, but Kavelmaher noted uniform style of this thread (except ornamental belts Pokrovsky Cathedral, copied from the Trinity Cathedral of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra)³.

This reasoning Kavelmahera was fairly well received by all researchers as comprehensive⁴and inevitably the question arose about the correction of earlier dates.

Kavelmaher, referring to the above text "Trinity chronicle and the proximity of the stylistics of the first temple Alexander the Settlement to the Italianate style Kremlin cathedrals of Ivan III and Vasily III⁵, dated the Church of the protection, Trinity, assumption and Alexei, Metropolitan of the first construction period Sloboda - years 1509-1513. The second construction period - 1560-1570-s - Kavelmaher attributed only to the restructuring of the Church of Metropolitan Alexei and the extension to the Trinity Church refectory in the cellar and basement⁶ (these construction works could be mentioned German guardsmen Itauba, Accuse and Gstadt⁷).

The proof-Dating Kavelmahera and criticism of existing nowadays formal stylistic theories later built the first temple of Alexandrov Sloboda⁸ the focus of a special scientific works of the author of this study⁹here only makes sense to briefly list the main arguments in favor of Dating of the first temples Sloboda years 1509-1513.

First, it is necessary to clarify some of the intercession Cathedral - stone or wood said in a statement cited "Trinity chronicle. We are talking about four buildings (the fortified gates of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, the Church in the village Klementyev gate Church of St. Sergius of Radonezh in the monastery and Pokrovsky Cathedral in Alexandrov Sloboda). The three buildings to the building material, and very accurately (brick building called it the brick, not generalized "stone", as is usually done in the annals), but on the most significant of these buildings - the intercession Cathedral on the Grand courtyard - the material does not say anything.

Of course, just forget to make the necessary clarification to the building material princely temple scribe was unlikely. Much more likely that such clarification and was not required - just as it was not required clarifications regarding, for example, construction of the assumption Cathedral Fioravanti, the Archangel Cathedral of the New Aleviz or Trinity is%8Thus, we must assume that the message "Trinity chronicle says about sanctification in 1513 is hard Pokrovsky Cathedral.

Secondly, visual-tactile analysis of construction equipment showed in the intercession Cathedral, Trinity, and churches of the assumption, the Church of Metropolitan Alexei we see a soft, warm stonework, typical brick buildings of the Moscow Kremlin of the turn of the XV and XVI centuries, and for the Cathedral of St. Peter the Metropolitan of vysokopetrovsky monastery (1514-1517 years). Characteristic and mortar - with extremely high binding capacity, with a very low content of lime sand and other impurities. Numerous white-stone ornaments and Settlement, and the Kremlin were carved so that seems like a stone "breathes". In the Cathedral of St. Peter the Metropolitan kirpi the%

Unlike the above-mentioned buildings, Crucifixion tower built of "dry", "overheated" bricks, crumbling easily a solution with a high admixture of sand. From the same brick in the same solution, built the Cathedral of the Intercession on the Moat. The white-stone decor Crucifixion bell also carved, as at the Cathedral of the Intercession on the Moat, - hard, geometric, "dry".

And in the belfry Crucifixion, and in the Cathedral of the Intercession on the Moat, the builders used along with iron bonds of wood. In the Church of the protection, Trinity, assumption and Metropolitan Alexei Alexandrov Sloboda all connections made entirely of iron of high quality¹⁰.

Third, the bell tower of Alexandrov Sloboda, as we have already noted, was built within two construction periods. This is proved by the following provisions:

- masonry and mortar, and style, and performance of the decoration of the Church of Metropolitan Alexei Crucifixion and the bell totally different;

- the survey author of the second tier of the Church of Metropolitan Alexei showed the Windows of this stage was made (and very carefully) is another form prior to the rigging walls of the future Crucifixion bell. It is doubtful that in a decade or two after construction would require considerable work to give Windows a fundamentally new form;

- acquaintance with probing Astroscope and Kavelmahera made in places of an adjunction of pylons Crucifixion bell to the facades of the Church of Metropolitan Alexis, shows that at the moment of rigging the pylons of the Church of Metropolitan Alexei had time to take root in the earth" about half a metre. Theoretically, it could happen within a relatively short time (in case C-Christ.

- at the polling Astroscope and Kavelmahera inside stair corner Crucifixion bell shows that in places of an adjunction of the walls and pylons Crucifixion bell on detected by probing the fragments of the white-stone basement and obliviscence brick decor of the Church of Metropolitan Alexei there are traces of weathering, which could not manage to appear in the last %D

From the foregoing it follows that between the construction of the Church of Metropolitan Alexei Crucifixion and the bell went a considerable time, much longer than ten to fifteen years. Thus, these buildings should be attributed to two different construction periods. For all time of existence of Alexandrov Sloboda as the residence of Moscow rulers such periods%

Fourth, after the construction of Trinity Church to its Western facade was added a new section, consisting, as earlier, from the chamber, swinging and basement (of the house was demolished in 1680¹¹). Kavelmaher gave convincing arguments in favor of the fact that these additions were built much later (not less than a few decades) after the Holy Trinity Church:

- unlike the two old sectional volumes, the new section was otherwise a regular solution of the (square, covered in direction North-South torispherical vault cellar, double, split longitudinal wall basement) and different interpretation of the volume;

- seliga dismantled in 1680 vault chamber reached the Church of the cornice and plunged into it;

- new section was founded on and the%B

- extension belonged to the lower construction culture¹².

Therefore, there is a situation similar to the one described above in connection with the restructuring of the Church of Metropolitan Alexei: we must refer the construction of the Western chamber with a cellar and a basement to the second construction period Sloboda, and the construction of the Trinity Church - to the first construction period, i.e. to 1509-1513 years.

Thus, we have an independent documentary architectural and archaeological data on the construction in 1509-1513 years Pokrovsky Cathedral, the Church of the Trinity and the Church of Metropolitan Alexei. Note - these data are mutually independent, i.e. in relation to each of these temples is based on its own system of evidence.

Let's not forget that Kavelmaher regardless of all the above data shows (and his point of view was adopted without exception, all researchers)that the Church of the protection, Trinity, Metropolitan Alexei and assumption were built in one construction period. This argument, in contrast to all the previous ones, cannot be called self-sufficient, but when in the single-Dating years 1509-1513 at least one of the first temples Sloboda (and even more than three, as we saw above), he gives as unambiguous Dating this time and all other temples.

All this gives us the right to believe that the Dating of the first temples Sloboda years 1509-1513 proved redundant, very large by the standards of the history of ancient architecture.

So, now we can say with all confidence that in 1513 Alexandrov Sloboda was generally completed the construction of the yard of Vasily III, looking good and should strengthen%D¹³ Palace-temple complex of four temples and adjoining to them large and small stone Palace chambers with cellars and basements, as well as with many wooden houses and transitions between them. The scale of this complex was second only to the Moscow Grand Kremlin Palace¹⁴.

The assumption convent in Alexandrov. The plan.

The numbers on the plan identifies:

1. Pokrovsky Cathedral.

2. The bell tower.

3. Trinity Church.

4. Assumption Church.

5. Holy gate and the gate Church of Theodore Stratelates.

6. Hospice and Sretenskaya Church.

7. The cells.

8. A well.

The understanding of this important historical and architectural fact gives us the opportunity to look at a number of fundamental issues of history of architecture of the XVI ve%

We see that the first Church marquee was not the Church of the ascension in Kolomenskoye (1529-1532 years), and Trinity Church in Alexandrov Sloboda, built in 1509-1513 years. This gives us the opportunity to solve two fundamental problems faced by the dominant until the end of the twentieth century theory, ordering him to read the first stone Church marquee Church of the ascension, the%B

First, if you put the Trinity Church-monument of the beginning and the second half of the XVI century, it is compared with the ascension (and even more with the Cathedral of the intercession on the Moat) was "ugly and regressive phenomenon"¹⁵. It looked very strange, as Ivan IV, who gave a stone Church building special attention, who built such masterpieces as the Cathedral of the intercession on the Moat, the Church of the beheading of John the Baptist in Djakova, and many others, were unlikely to build in the main residence, Alexandrovskaya Sloboda - "ugly and regressive" Palace temple.

Secondly, more than strange look construction of the Church of the ascension in Kolomenskoye is the perfect architectural masterpiece, huge buildings of unprecedented proportions, with "flying" architectonics, - without any previous experience stone tent construction both in Russia and in Western Europe (Western European medieval Church architecture%

Third, noted in "the History of Russian art" under the editorship of i.e. Grabar¹⁶ the absence in Kolomna temple architectural details and design techniques, speaking about direct impacts of wooden architecture, was contrary to the data set (including chronicle¹⁷), showing the origin of the stone of ancient Russian architecture of the wooden tent (in detail all of these data are shown in a special study of the author of this¹⁸).

The Church of the ascension in Kolomenskoye.

Now, when we understand that about twenty years before the Church of the ascension was built a small tent-roofed Church of the Trinity in the Alexander Suburb with its traditional forms of the square, near the absurdities in the construction of tent¹⁹ and simplified, "prjamoslojnoj" architecture, associated with the wooden architecture (Kavelmaher, in particular, noted the morning of the Sabbath.²⁰, - in the theory of the Genesis of stone tent-roofed architecture all falls into place.

In the early 2000-ies the author of this study was to name the architect who built the Palace-temple complex of Vasily III in the Alexandrovskaya Sloboda. Based on the same principles on which the SS pod'yapol'skii identified for the Church of the ascension in Kolomenskoye authorship of the Italian architect petroc minor²¹we showed that the architect of the first temples Sloboda was to build the

Discussion of this subject is discussed in a special works of the author of this study²²here it makes sense to dwell only on the basic moments:

in 1508, Aleviz Fryazin finished work on the Moscow Grand Palace and the New Aleviz - over Archangel Cathedral²³;

- in 1513 Alexandrov Sloboda was completed on the Grand Palace and was consecrated the Cathedral of the intercession;

in 1514, the great Prince commanded one of Aleviz erect in Moscow on 11 churches, including St. Peter the Metropolitan of vysokopetrovsky monastery and the Church of the Annunciation in the Old Vagankovo²⁴.

Such a chain of bilateral dates could hardly be mere coincidence. Since SS pod'yapol'skii made a conclusion about the authorship petroc minor in relation to the Church of the ascension on the basis of temporary gap between the probable arrival of the architect in Moscow in 1528 and the beginning of construction of China-town in 1534²⁵ we apply this principle to the construction of the Palace-temple complex in the Settlement. Based besides the above, a number Italianate features all listed buildings, we are in these special investigations concluded about the authorship of the Palace-temple complex in the Settlement of one of the Italian architects, known under the name of Aleviz.

The idea of the Grand Slobodsky ensemble was fully consistent with the scope of any of Aleviz - simultaneous construction of very large for that time, the complex of buildings, absolutely unique, not like one another, but United "country" style (as opposed to "capital" style, realized in the Grand Kremlin Palace, the%B

Having considered all the documentary evidence relevant to the question which of the two architects, known under the name of Aleviz, built temples of Alexandrov Sloboda, we are in these special investigations on the basis of analysis of existing chronicle reports of Aleviz came to the conclusion about the authorship of the New Aleviz²⁶.

Note that we can not exclude the authorship (at least in the co-authorship) of the New Aleviz and a number of buildings of the Grand Kremlin Palace: refined "Prazska" thread, typical of the works of the architect (Bakhchisaray Palace, the Cathedral of the Archangel, the first temple of Alexandrov Sloboda) is present on the portals and the Annunciation Cathedral (gallery which is%

But in order to stress the tremendous importance of a princely estate construction in the Alexander CLoboda enough and that it was carried out under the guidance of the architect, recently built a masterpiece of old Russian architecture - the Cathedral of the Archangel²⁷.

And yet, despite a number of innovative architectural solutions, typologically "distant" Moscow estate of Vasily III in the Settlement belonged to the middle ages. This fortified settlement can be called a city, the castle, fortress, but not "Villa". Such a "Villa", a truly Renaissance, made on the vast expanses of river, was built in approximately %and his second wife Elena Glinskaya, educated in the European cultural tradition) revolutionized the manor Palace construction, brought manor temple of the "houses" of the context and gave him the quality of the monument.

However, throughout the XVI century Kolomenskoe never caught up with Alexander Sloboda - neither status nor the scale of the Palace-temple complex. First, there was no stone Palace chambers, the necessary terms and fire resistance, and maintain the state status in the eyes of foreign ambassadors. Secondly, the very "open" type of estate in Ru is%

Ivan IV, of course, loved and settled in the new house of his father - Kolomna. The proof is the erection in the middle of the XVI century²⁸ Church of the beheading of John the Baptist in Djakova, another masterpiece of monumental temple architecture. But still, after leaving at the end 1564 Moscow and first arrived in Kolomenskoe, Tsar Ivan already two weeks has gone on the North-East, in my dad's old manor - Alexander Suburb, which became the de facto capital of the state until 1582. the%

The presence of Vasily III and Ivan IV stable couples main estates near Moscow - "near" and "far" - makes us think over the question whether something similar to Ivan III. Until recently, no information on which we could rely on the construction of at least tentative hypotheses, we did not have. But in the late 1990-ies Kavelmaher made the following observation%

"Some scientists believe that the Moscow Tsar was in Moscow region to a great many of the Palace government of the villages included in the Large local order, i.e. close to Kolomenskoye, and all with stone churches. This fantastic picture has nothing to do with reality. Court villages was, indeed, many, most with Royal mansions and wooden churches, but the estate with luxury stone Church was the one and only-Kolomna. The second "near" the residence was not. To make the second meant a doubling of costs and complications of already overburdened Royal cares of life... to villages sat control - clerks, janitors," and so on, with wooden churches of the Royal household. We have reviewed the book local order and found a surprising thing: kings almost was not built in their villages of stone Palace of the parish churches. We found only two, it is not making weather: Naprudnom and Sinkova Bronnitskaya County (my italics - SZ). All famous, flashing on the pages of the Chronicles villages type Vorobyov or Krylatskoe stone churches from time immemorial it was neither the Tsar nor parish. These are amazing facts"²⁹.

The Church Trifon Naprudnom.

The Church in Sinkova. Reconstruction CENTURIES Kavelmahera.

Kavelmaher dated the Church Trifon Naprudnom the middle of the XVI century³⁰. Outdoor his excavations pillarless odnoapsidny white stone Church in the village Sinkova Ramensky district of Moscow region, which had similar dimensions and construction equipment, he was dated about the same time³¹. Of course, in the middle of the century these small churches "does not make. However, in recent years the author of this study confirmed the loyalty of the "classic is³²- the end of the XV century. The main arguments in favor of our dates were the following³³:

- construction in a meaningful Tsarskoye Selo small and modest temple for the middle of the XVI century is unlikely;

- the construction of the white-stone Church away from the quarry also unlikely for the middle of the XVI century;

- all conditions at the turn of the XV and XVI centuries, the groin vault, the innovations that have become a trendsetter architectural fashion for many decades ahead, - meets only the Church Trifon Naprudnom.

Based on the analysis of a Large Zion assumption Cathedral in Vladimir we said that the construction of the temple Trifonovskaya most likely in the time period from the mid-1470's to mid 1480 x³⁴.

And given the fact that Naprudnoe was the centre of the Royal hunting grounds and was built first in ancient architecture pillarless centric temple groin vault³⁵the hypothesis that in this village was home "near" farmstead of Ivan III, literally begs.

In this regard, we may assume that if Naprudnom was home "near" p is%B

- since the beginning of XVI century stone temples already constructed in the boyar estates near Moscow (Yurkin - Golohvastov, Annunciation Pogost - Naked, Chirkin - Sheremetyev³⁶). Churchwarden of churches at that time already played, and merchants (the Church of Nikola Posadsky in Kolomna³⁷ and probably Conception of Anne in China-town³⁸). Accordingly, the main manor of Grand Duke by this time already not MIS%D

- Naprudnom had no fortifications, Sinkovo had³⁹. This situation, as we showed above, is typical of "near" and "far" estates near Moscow Vasily III and Ivan IV.

Sinkovo. A General outline of the fortifications.

Accordingly, if Ivan III was "the main far estate (as his successor at the Moscow Grand Prince table), then other options besides Blue Is%B

Can we nominate and considerations "near" and "far" the main country estates Boris Godunov - both during his actual rule when Tsar Feodor (hereinafter, for simplicity's sake we will call this the era of the Godunov-ruler), and during his reign (the era Godunov-king).

Boris Fedorovich did not use the main hereditary estates Rurikovich - the Kolomna and Alexandrovskaya Sloboda⁴⁰ (perhaps he did not think it is ethical; perhaps they left him with a bad memories of the times of Ivan the terrible, when every wrong move could cost him his head). The Godunov-ruler were two main estates near Moscow, where he built a stone Church, Khoroshevo (Trinity Church, 1590 years⁴¹) and Bolshiye Vyazemy (the Church of the Transfiguration, now the Trinity, the late 1590s years⁴²). XP%D

At the end of his reign in the status of boyar Godunov began to build a huge tent-roofed Church of Boris and Gleb in Barysau (approx. 1597-1601 or 1603⁴³).

At the end of his reign Godunov began to build another huge tent - roofed Church of the Transfiguration in the Island. The Dating of this temple for many decades has been the subject of debate, but in his monumental study, povyshe the⁴⁴.

Church of the Trinity in Khoroshevo.

The Church of the Transfiguration (now Trinity) in greater Vyazemy.

Church of the Transfiguration in the Island.

Borisov town. The Church of Boris and Gleb, the fortress. The image of the late XVII century.

Borisov Town. The plan of the XVIII century.

Let us note another important fact: Bolshiye Vyazemy and Borisov had strengthening⁴⁵, Khoroshevo and the Island - no⁴⁶.

Extrapolating the data we have about "near" and "far" main estates of Ivan III, Vasily III and Ivan IV on Godunov-era ruler and Godunov-king, we can assume the following.

Home "near" Moscow estate Godunov-ruler was "plein air" Khoroshevo, the main "far" - fortified Vyazemy. Temples in these estates were not the marquee and did not have the "Royal" monumentality. In this regard, at the end of his reign in the status of boyar, fully establishing himself as the first person in the state, Boris began to build a colossus is

Left home "near" country estate of the Godunov-king Khoroshevo? There are many techniques Boris Fyodorovich in this estate of foreign ambassadors⁴⁷but we believe that when Godunov-king of the estate had only a temporary status "main near: Khoroshevsky temple is too small and modest, and it is unlikely he could match the prestige of the king, who built %⁴⁸.

In this regard, we may assume that the "plein air" Island with a huge marquee white stone Church was to become the new home "near" estate instead Horosheva. But to complete the construction of the new estate Boris did not have time.

Of course, consideration of a country residence of Ivan III and Boris Godunov - so far no more than a hypothesis, although it may serve as a basis for further research in this direction. But as for couples main estates of Vasily III and Ivan IV, - "middle" Kolomna and "far" Alexandrov Sloboda, their architectural history in our time already VI is

NOTES

1. THE PR RSL. F. 304. Ed. Chr. 647. L. 4,4 about.

2. Kavelmaher CENTURIES Monuments of ancient Alexandrova Sloboda. Collection of articles. Vladimir, 1995 (hereinafter - Kavelmaher, 1995). C. 76; Kavelmaher CENTURIES of Antiquity Alexandrova Sloboda. M., 2008 (hereinafter - Kavelmaher, 2008). C. 96.

3. Kavelmaher, 1995. C. 8-11; Kavelmaher, 2008. C. 26-30.

4. Pod'yapol'skii S. ON the Dating sites Alexandrova Sloboda. In the book: Proceedings of the%2. M., 2002 (hereinafter - pod'yapol'skii, 2002). C. 163, 165, 176, 180.

5. Kavelmaher, 1995. C. 7, 17, 24-29; Kavelmaher, 2008. C. 26, 32, 59-64.

6. Kavelmaher, 1995. C. 13; Kavelmaher, 2008. C. 30.

7. Taube I., E. Kruse Message Johann Taube and Alert Kruse. In the book: Russian historical journal. KN. 8. GHGs., 1922. C. 51; Staden, Moscow Ivan The Terrible. Notes of a German guardsmen. M., 1925. C. 67, 90, 91.

8. Pod'yapol'skii, 2002. C. 163-180; Batalov A.L. Moscow stone architecture of the end of XVI century. M., 1996; Batalov A.L. Monuments Alexander Settlement in the context of the development of Russian architecture of the XVI century. In the book: Zubovsky reading. Vol. 3. Strunino, 2005. C. 30-37.

9. Zagraevsky S.V. TO a question about the Dating and authorship of the monuments of Alexandrov Sloboda. In the book: Zubovsky reading. Sat. articles. Vol. 3. Strunino, 2005. C. 69-96 (hereinafter - Zagraevsky, 2005); Zagraevsky SV New study of architectural monuments of Alexandrov Sloboda. M., 2008 (hereinafter - Zagraevsky, 2008).

10. Kavelmaher, 1995. C. 8; Kavelmaher, 2008. C. 26.

11. Kavelmaher, 1995. C. 37; Kavelmaher, 2008. C. 68.

12. For more information, see Kavelmaher, 1995. C. 36-37; Kavelmaher, 2008. C. 67-68.

13. Kavelmaher CENTURIES sovereign yard in Alexandrova Sloboda (experience of reconstruction). In the book: Jacob Ulfeldt. Trip to Russia. M., 2002 (hereinafter - Kavelmaher, 2002). C. 487.

14. Kavelmaher, 2008. C. 153; Kavelmaher, 2002. C. 487.

15. Kabelimagi%

16. Ilyin M.A., Maksimov P.N., Kostochkin CENTURIES the Stone architecture of the epoch of blossoming of Moscow. In the book: The history of Russian art. So 3. M., 1955. C. 432.

17. Tikhomirov, MN. Little-known chronicle monuments of the XVI century In the book: Historical note. KN. 10. M., 1941. C. 88.

18. Zagraevsky, 2008. C. 53-55.

19. Kavelmaher, 1995. C. 43, 70; Kavelmaher, 2008. C. 71, 90.

20. Kavelmaher, 1995. C. 28; Kavelmaher, 2008. C. 62.

21. S. pod'yapol'skii. Architect Petroc Minor. In the book: Monuments of Russian architecture and monumental art. Style, attribution, Dating. M., 1983 (hereinafter - pod'yapol'skii, 1983). C. 34-50.

22. Zagraevsky, 2005; Zagraevsky, 2008.

23. PSRL 6:247; 13:10.

24. PSRL 6:254.

25. Pod'yapol'skii, 1983. C. 44.

26. Zagraevsky, 2005; Zagraevsky, 2008.

27. So, Kavelmaher noted that the Pokrovsky Cathedral - monument of the Moscow Palace architecture, built immediately after the Archangel Cathedral, in the same architectural wave, the same customer may, by the same architects, with the same professional costs under the dictation of the customer, which foreign architect in difficult conditions. Arkhangelsk and Protect

28. The date of construction of the Church in Djakova, see: Kavelmaher CENTURIES the history of the birthday of the Church built by Ivan the terrible in the village Djakova. M., 1990; Batalov A.L. ON the Dating of the Church of the beheading of John the Baptist in Djakova. In the book: Russian artistic culture of XV-XVII centuries. The state historical and cultural Museum-preserve "the Moscow Kremlin". Materials and research. Vol. 9. M., 1998. C. 220-239; Kavelmaher CENTURIES ON the late Gothic origins and wizards of the Cathedral of intercession on the Moat, the Cathedral of STS in Staritsa and the Church of the beheading of John the Baptist in Djakova. The article was assembled assembled SV zagraevsky of rough manuscript Kavelmahera and is on the web-site www.kawelmacher.ru.

29. For more information, see: Kavelmaher CENTURY Church of the Transfiguration in the Island. M., 2009. (On The%B

30. Zagraevsky SV Architectural history of the Church Trifon Naprudnom and origin groin vault. M., 2008. (Hereinafter - Zagraevsky, 2008). C. 5.

31. Ibid, 6 C..

32. David L.A. Church Trifon Naprudnom. In the book: Architectural monuments of Moscow XV-XVII century. New research. M., 1947.

33. For more information, see: Zagraevsky, 2008.

34. Ibid., C. 28.

35. Ibid.

36. Ibid., C. 20-28.

37. Ibid., C. 21.

38. Ibid., C. 20, 32.

39. The observations made by the author of this study in 2008, showed that the fortress in Sinkova had the shape of an irregular oval length about 200 m, Vytauto the%

40. For more information, see: Kavelmaher Island. C. 62.

41. Batalov A.L. Moscow architecture of the late XVI century. M., 1996. C. 57.

42. Ibid., C. 58.

43. Ibid., C. 60.

44. For more information, see: Kavelmaher Island.

45. Information about the balances in the ditch Vyazemy available on the Internet site http://www.odintsovo.info/goroda/?id=2834.

46. Church of the Transfiguration is on the territory of ancient settlements, but no remains of the fortifications in the Island's archaeological studies have found (Archaeological map of Russia. Moscow region. 'clock 1. M., 1994. C. 116). Inspection of the adjacent areas, conducted by the author of this article in 2008, also found no traces of fortifications.

47. Batalov A.L. Decree. back With. 55.

48. Batalov A.L. the Sepulchre in the conception of the "Holy of Holies" of Boris Godunov. In the book: Jerusalem in Russian culture. M., 1994. C. 154-171.

Moscow, 2008.

© Sergey Zagraevsky

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