Sergey Zagraevsky. Jury Dolgoruky and ancient Russian white stone architecture. Applications, notes

The calculation is carried out on the example of the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl using calculations Voronin for the construction of the specified Church⁴⁸¹ and the white-stone Moscow Kremlin⁴⁸².

To bring indicators of the construction of the Kremlin to the indicators of the Church of the intercession of the adjustment factors are introduced in the smaller volume of construction and their increased complexity of masonry walls and vaults of the temple compared to the walls and towers of the fortress.

1. Conditional costs of transporting the stone from Podolsk quarries to the construction site on the Nerl.

The volume of the stone required for the construction is 408 cubic meters, a weight of 1 cubic meter - 440 kg. Just need to transport 180000 kg stone.

Transportation could be carried out in summer boat and the winter - on carts.

1.1. For transportation in the summer:

1.1.1. The average speed of the boat is about 1.5 km/h (including fiber and areas upstream).

1.1.2. Movement: 10 hours a day.

1.1.3. On the road at one end goes:

500 km : 1.5 km/h : 10 days = 33 days.

1.1.4. The turnover of the boat (2 way) 66 days.

1.1.5. 4 persons can be carried on the same boat about to 1000 kg (if they will help in portage).

1.1.6. For transportation of stone it is necessary to make lodka-rider:

180000 kg : to 1000 kg = 180.

1.1.7. For transportation of stone, you need person-days:

180 lodka-rider x 66 days x 4 persons = 47520 people-DN.

1.1.8. On the trail have to constantly work to about 10 people.

1.1.9. The complexity of the passage portage:

10 people x 150 days = 1500 people-dniowa in section 1.1:

47520 + 1500 = 48020 people-DN.

1.2. For transportation in winter:

1.2.1. The average speed carts: about 3 km/h.

1.2.2. Movement: 10 hours a day, i.e. the supply passes 30 km in the day.

1.2.3. Turnover carts: 1000 km : 30 km/day = 33 days.

1.2.4. On a cart can be shipped around 450 kg.

1.2.5. Podvoda-goer for transportation of stone: 180000 kg : 450 kg = 400.

1.2.6. You podvoda-day 400 podvoda-rider x 33 days = 13200.

1.2.7. The cost of the horse high and it needs maintenance. For simplicity equate the notional value of "service" horses to the notional value of the contents of the driver.

1.2.8. Need person-days: 13200 days of work of drivers + 13200 days horses = 26400 people-DN.

1.2.9. When the shoulder haul in 500 km organization of paragraphs night Parking, nutrition and health carts and horses. During the 33 day trip requires 33 such paragraph, each staff - 5 persons (actually in the wild edge with robbers need a lot more, but some of protection could take squad).

Need person-days. 33 points x 150 days x 5 people = 24750 people-DN.

Total item 1.2:

26400 + 24750 = 51150 people-DN.

Total item 1 (for simplicity, we take a cross between section 1.1. and item 1.2):

(51150 + 48020) : 2 = 49585 people-DN.

2. Conditional processing costs of white stone.

2.1. Treatment of white stone for masonry includes the transformation and processing - rough and clean. This work for the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl is 4746 people-DN.

2.2. From the calculation complexity of processing the figure of stone isolate those elements that can decorate and brick built, and leave only the elements that are typical of white stone building. They still leaves about 2000 people-DN.

2.3. Blacksmith work on the mandrel tool for stone.

2.3.1. Volume 49400 cubic m stone in the construction of the Kremlin blacksmith's work was 30690 people-DN. Bring them to the volume 408 cu m for the construction of the Church of Intercession:

2.3.2. A correction factor of the transition from construction of the Kremlin to the construction of the Church of Intercession:

408 : 49400 = 0,0083.

Total under item 2.3:

30690 x 0,0083 = 255 people-DN.

Total p. 2:

4746 + 2000 + 255 = 7001 people-DN.

Delivery:

(1 + 2) = 49585 + 7001 = 56586 people-DN.

3. The notional value of the building regardless of the material (excluding internal decoration and paintings).

3.1. Data on the construction of the Moscow Kremlin, result of the Intercession on the Nerl factor 0,0083 (calculated in paragraph 2.3.2):

3.1.1. The lime burning:

1620 people-DN. x 0,0083 = 13 people-DN.

3.1.2. The clearing to exhaust-kipelki:

968 people-DN. x 0,0083 = 8 persons-DN.

3.1.3. Preparation of the solution:

8300 people-DN. x 0,0083 = 69 people-DN.

3.1.4. The digging of trenches and pits with subsequent filling:

4206 people-DN. x 0,0083 = 35 people-DN.

3.1.5. The transportation of materials to the walls we can be neglected, as it is relevant only to the great length of the walls of the Kremlin.

3.1.6. Laying the foundations:

10020 people-DN. x 0,0083 x factor of 1.5 = 125 people-DN.

3.1.7. The device forests:

4682 people-DN. x 0,0083 x factor of 1.5 = 58 people-DN.

3.1.8. The front walls, vaults and drums:

67500 people-DN. x 0,0083 x complexity factor of 2.0 = 1121 people-DN.

3.1.9. The filling: 23350 people-DN. x 0,0083 = 194 people-DN.

Total under item 3.1:

13 + 8 + 69 + 35 + 125 + 58 + 1121 + 194 = 1623 people-DN.

3.2. The notional value other works:

3.2.1. Roofing: about 100 people-DN.

3.2.2. The device of floors: about 100 people-DN.

3.2.3. Doors, windowsill, and other details: about 500 people-DN.

3.2.4. Figured elements common to brick and white stone building: about 1,400 people-DN.

Total under item 3.2:

100 + 100 + 500 + 1400 = 2100 people-DN.

Total under item 3 (labor content of building works in any material):

(p. 3.1 + 3.2 p.) = 3723 people-DN.

4. The total estimated cost of conventional (labor), the white-stone building of the temple:

56586 + 3723 = 60309 people-DN.

5. The notional value of construction in the hypothetical case where the temple was built of brick.

5.1. Conditional cost of production of brick:

5.1.1. 10 construction of furnaces required for construction:

20 person-days. one oven = 200 person-days.

5.1.2. Obtaining 408 cubic meters of clay:

1 person - 1 cubic meter per day, i.e. 408 people-DN.

5.1.3. Delivery of clay from the quarry, forming, loading in the furnace and subtraction from it:

3 people on 1 cubic m day: 3 x 408 = 1224 people-DN.

5.1.4. The supply of wood for the oven (1 supply):

2 people-DN. x 220 days = 440 man-day.

Total under item 5.1:

200 + 408 + 1224 + 440 = 2272 people-DN.

5.2. The notional value of a brick building equal to the result obtained in paragraph 3, i.e. 3723 people-DN.

Total for section 5:

2272 + 3723 = 5995 people-DN.

6. A comparison of the notional value of the building of white stone and brick.

(item 4 : p. 5) = 60309 : 5995 = 10,1.

7. Conclusion: the temple of white stone is more expensive such as brick 10.1 times.

Notes

¹Borisov NS Ivan III. M., 2000. C. 6.

²Rappoport P.A. Construction production of Ancient Rus. St.Petersburg, 1994. C. 74.

³Ibid., C. 79.

⁴Voronin N.N. The Architecture Of North-Eastern Russia. So 1. M., 1961. (Hereinafter referred to Voronin, Architecture, so 1). C. 44.

⁵Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 38.

⁶Lemons Y.A Vladimir-Suzdal Rus. Essays on social and political history. Leningrad, 1987. C. 20; D.S. Likhachev Gradoselskaya semantics Assumption churches in Russia. In the book: Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. Materials and research. - M, 1985. C. 21.

⁷Sakharov A.N. Vladimir Monomakh. - In the book: Commanders Of Ancient Russia. M., 1986. C. 534; Russian encyclopedic dictionary. M., 2000. (Hereinafter - RES). So 2, S. 1868.

⁸Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 72.

⁹Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 64.

¹⁰Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 94.

¹¹Voronin, Architecture, vol 1. C. 195.

¹²Voronin N.N. The Architecture Of Vladimir-Suzdal Russia. In the book: The history of Russian art. M., 1953. (Hereinafter referred to Voronin, the History of Russian art ). So 1. C. 358.

¹³Voronin, Architecture, vol 1. C. 389.

¹⁴Voronin, History of Russian art, so 1. C. 382

¹⁵O.M. ioannisyan, P.L. Zykov, Torshin E.N. The work of architectural and archaeological expedition in 1996. - In the book: The State Hermitage Museum. Report of the archeological session for 1996. Theses of reports. SPb, 1997. (Hereinafter - ioannisyan and other Theses, 1997). C. 59.

¹⁶Voronin N.N. The Architecture Of North-Eastern Russia. So 2. M., 1962. (Hereinafter referred to Voronin, Architecture, so 2). C. 52.

¹⁷O.M. ioannisyan, Torshin E.N., Zykov P.A. the Church of Boris and Gleb in Rostov the Great. - In the book: Old Russian art. Rus. Byzantium. The Balkans. XIII century. SPb, 1997. (Hereinafter - ioannisyan, etc. Rostov the Great). C. 260.

¹⁸Voronin, Architecture, so 2. C. 64.

¹⁹O.M. ioannisyan Complex of ancient buildings of the Saviour monastery in Yaroslavl. - In the book: Old Russian art. Rus. Byzantium. The Balkans. XIII century. SPb, 1997. (Hereinafter - Ioannisyan, Yaroslavl). C. 222.

²⁰Ibid.

²¹Ibid.

²²Ibid., C. 227.

²³Voronin, Architecture, so 2. C. 142.

²⁴Kavelmaher V.V., Orlov S. p. Two architectural fragments from the Dormition Cathedral in Kolomna Kremlin (the question of the early stone construction in Kolomna). - In book.: Materials creative report of the trust Mosoblstroyrestavratsiya". M., 1984. C. 86.

²⁵Voronin, Architecture, so 2. C. 158.

²⁶Kavelmaher CENTURIES, Panova ETC. Remnants of the white-stone Church of the XIV century in the Cathedral square of the Moscow Kremlin. - In the book: Culture of medieval Moscow XIV-XVII centuries M, 1995. C. 76.

²⁷Voronin, Architecture, so 2. C. 265

²⁸Ibid. C. 194-195.

²⁹Kavelmaher CENTURIES, Panova ETC. Decree. cit., 86 S..

³⁰Voronin, Architecture, so 2. C. 213.

³¹Voronin, Architecture, so 2. C. 245.

³²Ibid.

³³Ibid. C. 401.

³⁴Voronin, Architecture, so 2. C. 264.

³⁵Voronin, Architecture, so 2. C. 231.

³⁶David L.A., B.L. Altshuler, pod'yapol'skii S. restoration of the Saviour Cathedral Andronikov monastery. - In the book: Old Russian art. Sergius of Radonezh and artistic culture in Moscow XIV-XV centuries, St. Petersburg, 1998. C. 360-389.

³⁷Ilyin M.A., Maksimov P.N., Kostochkin CENTURIES the Stone architecture of the epoch of blossoming of Moscow. - In the book: The history of Russian art. So 3. M., 1953. (Hereinafter - Ilyin and other History of Russian art, so 3). C. 292.

³⁸Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 469.

³⁹Rappoport P.A. Decree. cit., S. 22.

⁴⁰Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 106, 469; so 2. C. 117.

⁴²Rappoport P.A. Decree. cit., S. 39.

⁴³Ibid.

⁴⁴Zabelin I.E. the history of the city of Moscow. M., 1905. - Reprint ed. M., 1990. C. 16.

⁴⁵Voronin, Architecture, so 2. C. 147.

⁴⁶Small Soviet Encyclopedia. M., 1959 (Hereafter - ITU). So 9, 434 S..

⁴⁷Rappoport P.A. Decree. cit., S. 80.

⁴⁸To this author kindly pointed M. ioannisyan 2002.

⁴⁹Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 326.

⁵⁰Ibid. So 2. C. 232.

⁵¹Ibid. So 1. C. 326.

⁵²Ibid. So 2. C. 233.

⁵³Wagner G.K. Ryazan. M., 1971. C. 7.

⁵⁴Personal interviews with VV kavelmaherom. 2002.

⁵⁵Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 328.

⁵⁶PSRL. M., 1962. (Hereinafter - PSRL). So XXIV, STV. 77.

⁵⁷Lemons Y.A Decree. cit., S. 20; D.S. Likhachev Decree. cit., S. 21.

⁵⁸Karamzin N.M. history of the Russian state. M., 1991. So 2-3, S. 143.

⁵⁹Ibid., C. 168.

⁶⁰Ibid, s 336.

⁶¹RES, so 2, S. 1868.

⁶²Karamzin N.M. Decree. cit., so 2-3, S. 338.

⁶³Lemons Y.A Decree. cit., 74 S..

⁶⁴Karamzin N.M. Decree. cit., so 2-3, S. 369, 521.

⁶⁵General history of architecture. M., 1966. (Further - VIA). So 3 601; Wagner G.K. Sculpture of Vladimir-Suzdal Russia: the year of Yuriev. M., 1964. (Hereinafter - Wagner, Yuriev). C. 5.

⁶⁶VIA, t 3, 601 S..

⁶⁷P.L. Zykov TO the question of reconstruction of the Suzdal Cathedral end XI-beginning of the XII century - In the book: Medieval architecture and monumental art. Theses of reports. SPb, 1999. C. 25.

⁶⁸Voronin, History of Russian art, so 1. C. 394.

⁶⁹Komissarzhevskaya FF History of costume. Mn., 1999. C. 461-466.

⁷⁰Wagner, Yur'ev, S. 5.

⁷¹The A.I. Komech Stone chronicle of Pskov XII-beginning of the XVI century, M, 1993. C. 41.

⁷²Ibid., C. 52.

⁷³Rappoport P.A. Decree. cit., S. 80.

⁷⁴Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 310.

⁷⁵Skvortsov A. I. Historical experience of the conservation of white-stone architecture of Vladimir-Suzdal Russia. In the book: Zubovsky reading. Collection of articles. Vladimir, 2002. C. 55.

⁷⁶Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 464.

⁷⁷Kostochkin V.V. About the daubing of Novgorod and Pskov defensive constructions. - In the book: Monuments of culture, research and restoration. M., 1959. C. 94.

⁷⁸Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 107-109.

⁷⁹Rappoport P.A. Decree. cit., S. 130.

⁸⁰Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 107.

⁸¹O.M. ioannisyan Architecture of ancient Galich and architecture of Malopolska. - In the book: Acta Archaeologica Carpathica. 27. Krakow, 1988. (Hereinafter - Ioannisyan, Krakow, 1988). C. 190.

⁸²O.M. ioannisyan Main stages of development of the Galician architecture. - In the book: Old Russian art. Art culture's - the first half of the XIII century, M. 1988. (Hereinafter - Ioannisyan, 1988). C. 41-44.

⁸³Rappoport P.A. Decree. cit., S. 84.

⁸⁴Ioannisyan, 1988. C. 42.

⁸⁵Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 108.

⁸⁶Ioannisyan, 1988. C. 47-48.

⁸⁷PSRL. T. II, STV. 462.

⁸⁸Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 109.

⁸⁹Ibid.

⁹⁰Ioannisyan, 1988. C. 42.

⁹¹A.A. Guber, Dobroklonsky M.V., Reinhardt L.Y. Art of Western and Central Europe in the epoch of developed feudalism. The Art Of Germany. Romanesque art. - In the book: General history of art. Vol.2. M., 1960. (Hereinafter PROVIDED, so 2). C. 315.

⁹²Ioannisyan,1988. C. 44.

⁹³O.M. ioannisyan ON the early development of the Galician architecture. - In the book: THE USSR ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Short communications. No 164. Slavic-Russian archeology. M., 1981. (Hereinafter - Ioannisyan, 1981). C. 38.

⁹⁴PSRL. So XXIV, STV. 77.

⁹⁵Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 110.

⁹⁶Ioannisyan, 1981. C. 40.

⁹⁷Ibid.. S. 39.

⁹⁸Rappoport P.A. Decree. cit., S. 131.

⁹⁹Ioannisyan Rostov the Great and others. C. 255; Ioannisyan, 1981. C. 41.

¹⁰⁰Ioannisyan,1988. C. 44.

¹⁰¹PSRL. So I, STV. 351.

¹⁰²PSRL. So I, STV. 411.

¹⁰³Ioannisyan,1988. C. 44.

¹⁰⁴Rappoport P.A. Decree. cit., S. 128-129.

¹⁰⁵Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 325.

¹⁰⁶Ibid., C. 285.

¹⁰⁷Ibid., So 2. C. 233.

¹⁰⁸Voronin, History of Russian art, so 1. C. 388; Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 107.

¹⁰⁹Vygolov VP Architecture of Moscow Rus middle of the XV century. M., 1988. C. 224.

¹¹⁰A.A. Guber, Kolpino UD the Art of Western and Central Europe in the epoch of developed feudalism. Introduction. Romanesque art. - In the book: General history of art. Vol.2. M., 1960. C. 232.

¹¹¹Voronin, Architecture, so 2. C. 119.

¹¹²Rappoport P.A. Decree. cit., S. 131.

¹¹³Ioannisyan, 1981. C. 39.

¹¹⁴Priselkov PPM History of Russian Chronicles of the XI-XV centuries, St. Petersburg, 1996. C. 120.

¹¹⁵PSRL. So XXIV, STV. 77.

¹¹⁶Voronin, History of Russian art, so 1. C. 344; Ioannisyan, 1981. C. 40.

¹¹⁷Karamzin N.M. Decree. cit., so 2-3, S. 143-155.

¹¹⁸Ibid. C. 336.

¹¹⁹Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 63.

¹²⁰E.E. Golubinsky E.E. Golubinsky history of the Russian Church. V.1, including 1. M., 1901. Vol.1, part 2. M., 1904. Reprint ed. M., 1997. So 1, 2 hours, S. 184.

¹²¹Ibid. So 1, 1 o'clock, S. 343.

¹²²Milicic M.I., Pillar G.M. Western camera Cathedral Mirozhsky monastery in Pskov. - In the book: Old Russian art. Art culture's-the first half of the XIII century, M. 1988. C. 87.

¹²³Karamzin N.M. Decree. cit., so 2-3, S. 317.

¹²⁴"Pluralitas non est ponenda sine necessitate" ("should not multiply entities beyond necessity" - lat.). Cm. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Deluxe edition CD-ROM, 2002. (Hereinafter - Britannica); the Latest philosophical dictionary. Mn., 2001. C. 1069.

¹²⁵Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 94; ibid. So 2. C. 466.

¹²⁶Vygolov VP Decree. cit., s 71; Yakhont O.V. Sculpture Moscow museums. Restoration and attribution. M., 2000. C. 140.

¹²⁷The author is grateful Omiani at this point is made in a personal conversation in 2002.

¹²⁸Voronin, Architecture, so 1. P.116.

¹²⁹Personal interviews with VV kavelmaherom. 2002.

¹³⁰Rappoport P.A. Decree. cit., 121 S..

¹³¹Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 106; O.M. ioannisyan, P.L. Zykov, Serve A.V., Glazov VP, Karacheva NM Architectural and archaeological study of Nativity Cathedral in Vladimir. - In the book: The State Hermitage Museum. Report of the archeological session in 1999. Theses of reports. SPb, 2000. (Hereinafter - ioannisyan, etc., Cathedral of the Nativity). C. 50.

¹³²Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 336.

¹³³Ibid., C. 47.

¹³⁴Karamzin N.M. Decree. cit., so 2-3, 122 S..

¹³⁵Fishermen B.A. "the Word about Igor's regiment" and his contemporaries. M., 1971. (Hereinafter - The Fishermen, "The Word"). C. 280.

¹³⁶Karamzin N.M. Decree. cit., so 2-3, 118 S..

¹³⁷Ibid, p 123.

¹³⁸Ibid, 124 S..

¹³⁹Ibid., C. 149.

¹⁴⁰Ibid., C. 155.

¹⁴¹Ibid., C. 156.

¹⁴²Ibid., C. 159.

¹⁴³Rybakov, "The Word". C. 119.

¹⁴⁴Karamzin N.M. Decree. cit., so 2-3, S. 394.

¹⁴⁵Ibid., C. 395, 425.

¹⁴⁶ITU. So 2, S. 814.

¹⁴⁷Lemons Y.A Decree. cit., S. 27.

¹⁴⁸Ibid., C. 31.

¹⁴⁹Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 107.

¹⁵⁰Ioannisyan, 1981. C. 41.

¹⁵¹Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 56, 57.

¹⁵²Shchapov yn The state and the Church Ancient Rus X-XIII centuries M, 1989. C. 43.

¹⁵³Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 202.

¹⁵⁴RES, so 1, S. 314.

¹⁵⁵Rappoport P.A. Decree. cit., S. 38.

¹⁵⁶Ioannisyan, 1988. C. 44.

¹⁵⁷E.E. Golubinsky Decree. cit. Vol. 1, 2 hours. C. 89.

¹⁵⁸Voronin, History of Russian art, so 1. C. 370.

¹⁵⁹Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 341.

¹⁶⁰Lemons Y.A Decree. cit., S. 22.

¹⁶¹Lazarev V. N.. Byzantine and old Russian art. M., 1978. (Hereinafter - Lazarev, 1978). C. 246.

¹⁶²Gumilev L.N. From Rus to Russia. M., 2002. C. 94.

¹⁶³Ibid., C. 105.

¹⁶⁴Karamzin N.M. Decree. cit., so 2-3, S. 190.

¹⁶⁵Die Kunst der Romanik. Architektur, :, Malerei. Koln, 1996. (Hereinafter - Romanik). With. 19.

¹⁶⁶Lazarev, 1978. C. 239.

¹⁶⁷Ibid. C. 240, 249.

¹⁶⁸Lazarev V. N.. Sculpture Of Vladimir-Suzdal Russia. - In the book: The history of Russian art. Vol. 1. M., 1953. C. 399-400).

¹⁶⁹Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 268-269, 319.

¹⁷⁰Wagner G.K. Sculpture of ancient Russia. Vladimir. Bogolyubovo. XII century. M., 1969. (Hereinafter - Wagner, Vladimir). C. 7-45.

¹⁷¹E.E. Golubinsky Decree. cit., so 1, 2 hours, S. 56.

¹⁷²Kudryavtseva T.N. To the question of "romance" influences in the Vladimir-Suzdal architecture. - In the book: Architectural heritage, № 23. M., 1975. C. 33.

¹⁷³Voronin, History of Russian art, so 1. C. 124.

¹⁷⁴Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 331-334.

¹⁷⁵ The A.I. Komech Architecture of Vladimir 1150 - 1180's. Artistic nature and Genesis of the "Russian romanik. - In the book. Old Russian art. Russia and the countries of the Byzantine world. XII century. SPb, 2002. C. 231.

¹⁷⁶O.M. ioannisyan TO the history of Polish-Russian relations in the architectural late XI - early XIII century - In the book. Old Russian art. Russia and the countries of the Byzantine world. XII century. SPb, 2002. C. 213.

¹⁷⁷E.E. Golubinsky Decree. cit., so 1, 2 hours, 40 C..

¹⁷⁸Wagner G.K. of originality of style formation in the architecture of Ancient Russia (return to the problem). - In the book: Architectural heritage. Vol. 38. M., 1995. C. 25.

¹⁷⁹Ioannisyan Rostov the Great and others. C. 238.

¹⁸⁰Voronin N.N., Lazarev V. N.. The art of the Central Russian principalities XIII-XV centuries. - In the book: The history of Russian art. So 3. M., 1953. C. 55.

¹⁸¹Kavelmaher CENTURIES sovereign yard in Alexandrova Sloboda. - In the book: Jacob Ulfeldt. Trip to Russia. M., 2002. (Hereinafter - Kavelmaher, sovereign yard). C. 475.

¹⁸²Voronin, History of Russian art, so 1. C. 151.

¹⁸³Ibid., C. 322.

¹⁸⁴Karger M.K. Novgorod architecture. - In the book: The history of Russian art. Vol.2. M., 1953. C. 22.

¹⁸⁵Voronin N.N. The Architecture Of Pskov. - In the book: The history of Russian art. Vol.2. M., 1953. (Hereinafter referred to Voronin, the History of Russian art, so 2). C. 312.

¹⁸⁶Karamzin N.M. Decree. cit., so 2-3, S. 395-398.

¹⁸⁷Pod'yapol'skii S. TO the question of originality of architecture of the Moscow Uspenie Cathedral. - In the book: Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. Materials and research. - M, 1985. C. 42.

¹⁸⁸Kavelmaher, sovereign yard. C. 476.

¹⁸⁹Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 110.

¹⁹⁰Karamzin N.M. Decree. cit., so 2-3, S. 345.

¹⁹¹Ibid., C. 266.

¹⁹²Ibid., C. 318.

¹⁹³Christianity. Encyclopedic dictionary. M., 1995. (Hereinafter - Christianity). So 2, 222 S..

¹⁹⁴Karamzin N.M. Decree. cit., so 2-3, 111 S..

¹⁹⁵Ibid, 119 S..

¹⁹⁶Ibid., C. 317.

¹⁹⁷Christianity. So 2, S. 258.

¹⁹⁸Karamzin N.M. Decree. cit., so 2-3, S. 134.

¹⁹⁹Ibid., C. 320.

²⁰⁰Ibid., C. 168.

²⁰¹Ibid.

²⁰²Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 60.

²⁰³Lazarev, 1978. C. 246.

²⁰⁴Ioannisyan, 1988. C. 44; ioannisyan, Krakow, 1988. C. 190-210.

²⁰⁵Ibid.

²⁰⁶Paco M Frederick Barbarossa. Rostov-on-don, 1998. C. 34.

²⁰⁷Karamzin N.M. Decree. cit., so 2-3, S. 160.

²⁰⁸Lemons Y.A Decree. cit., S. 25.

²⁰⁹Ibid.

²¹⁰Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 110.

²¹¹Pod'yapol'skii S. Decree. cit., S. 48.

²¹²Pringle Doctor Of Architecture Of The Latin East. 1098-1571. - In the book: The history of the Crusades. M, 1998. C. 190.

²¹³Ibid., C. 193-195.

²¹⁴Romanik. C. 85.

²¹⁵Ibid., C. 58.

²¹⁶ITU. So 3, C. 784.

²¹⁷Rappoport P.A. Decree. cit., S. 71.

²¹⁸Ibid., C. 70.

²¹⁹Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 309.

²²⁰Ibid. C. 103.

²²¹Ilyin M.A. carved Decorative belts of early Moscow stone architecture. - In the book: Old Russian art. Foreign relations. M., 1975. C. 234.

²²²Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 102.

²²³Kindly communicated in M. ioannisyanom 2002.

²²⁴Romanik. C. 40-41.

²²⁵Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 107-109; Rappoport P.A. Decree. cit., S. 130; ioannisyan, 1988. C. 41; Ioannisyan, 1981. C. 41.

²²⁶Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 45.

²²⁷Ibid. So 1. C. 106.

²²⁸Rappoport P.A. Decree. cit., S. 62-74.

²²⁹Voronin, History of Russian art, so 1. C. 147.

²³⁰Karamzin N.M. Decree. cit., so 2-3, 93 S..

²³¹Sakharov A.N. The decree. cit., S. 505.

²³²Ibid. C. 480.

²³³Karamzin N.M. Decree. cit., so 2-3, 89 S..

²³⁴Ibid., C. 272.

²³⁵Ibid., C. 64.

²³⁶Ibid., 88 S..

²³⁷Voronin, History of Russian art, so 1. C. 317.

²³⁸Ibid., C. 322.

²³⁹Ibid., C. 151.

²⁴⁰Karger M.K. Decree. cit., S. 22.

²⁴¹Voronin, History of Russian art, so 2. C. 312.

²⁴²Ibid. So 1. C. 147.

²⁴³Ibid., C. 392.

²⁴⁴Ibid., C. 307.

²⁴⁵Individual interviews with AI Komech. 2002.

²⁴⁶Vygolov VP Decree. cit., S. 191.

²⁴⁷Ioannisyan, 1988. C. 41.

²⁴⁸Ibid.

²⁴⁹Personal interviews with VV kavelmaherom. 2002.

²⁵⁰Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 103.

²⁵¹Rappoport P.A. Decree. cit., S. 71.

²⁵²Romanik. C. 74-92.

²⁵³A.A. Guber, Kolpino UD Decree. cit., S. 241.

²⁵⁴The VIA. So 3, C. 195.

²⁵⁵PSRL. So I, STV. 411.

²⁵⁶PSRL. So I, STV. 351.

²⁵⁷Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 139.

²⁵⁸Ibid., C. 132.

²⁵⁹Ibid., C. 330.

²⁶⁰O.M. ioannisyan, P.L. Zykov, Serve A.V., Glazov VP, Karacheva NM Architectural and archaeological study of Nativity Cathedral in Vladimir. - In the book: The State Hermitage Museum. Report of the archeological session in 1999. Theses of reports. SPb, 2000. C. 20.

²⁶¹Romanik. With. 85.

²⁶²There also, with. 86; Il Duomo di Modena. Atlante grafico. Modena, 1988.

²⁶³Romanik. With. 87.

²⁶⁴The A.I. Komech Decree. cit., S. 234.

²⁶⁵Ibid., C. 245.

²⁶⁶Ioannisyan, 1981. C. 41.

²⁶⁷Personal interviews with VV kavelmaherom. 2002.

²⁶⁸Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 430.

²⁶⁹Ibid., C. 362; Wagner, Vladimir. C. 96.

²⁷⁰Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 150, 354.

²⁷¹Individual interviews with AI Komech. 2002.

²⁷²Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 354.

²⁷³Ioannisyan and other Theses, 1997. C. 59.

²⁷⁴Voronin, Architecture, so 2. C. 19.

²⁷⁵Ibid., C. 194-195.

²⁷⁶Ibid., C. 182.

²⁷⁷Ibid.

²⁷⁸Ibid., C. 186.

²⁷⁹Ibid., C. 318.

²⁸⁰Ibid., C. 140.

²⁸¹Ibid., C. 138.

²⁸²Wagner G.K. From symbol to reality. The development of plastic image in the Russian art of XIV-XV centuries. M., 1980. (Hereinafter - Wagner, 1980). C. 70.

²⁸³E.E. Golubinsky Decree. cit., so 1, 1 o'clock, S. 338.

²⁸⁴Zabelin I.E. Decree. cit., S. 70.

²⁸⁵PSRL. So X, STV. 190; so XVIII, STV. 89.

²⁸⁶Vygolov VP Decree. cit., S. 194.

²⁸⁷Ibid.

²⁸⁸Voronin, Architecture, so 2. C. 153.

²⁸⁹Ibid., C. 155.

²⁹⁰Ilyin and other History of Russian art, so 3. C. 297.

²⁹¹Ibid., C. 298.

²⁹²Pod'yapol'skii S. Decree. cit., S. 48.

²⁹³Fedorov V. Uspensky Cathedral: the study and conservation of the monument. - In the book: Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. Materials and research. - M, 1985. C. 61.

²⁹⁴Kavelmaher CENTURIES on the initial appearance of the assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. - In the book: Architectural heritage. Vol. 38. M., 1995. C. 214.

²⁹⁵Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 77, 264.

²⁹⁶Rappoport P.A. Decree. cit., S. 46.

²⁹⁷E.E. Golubinsky Decree. cit., so 1, 2 hours, 89 S.; Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 307.

²⁹⁸Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 80.

²⁹⁹Rappoport P.A. Decree. cit., 74 S..

³⁰⁰Ibid., C. 71.

³⁰¹Romanik. C. 19.

³⁰²Jacobson A.L. Regularities in the development of medieval architecture of IX-XV centuries, Byzantium. Greece. South Slavic countries. Rus. Transcaucasia. Leningrad, 1987. C. 15.

³⁰³Ibid., C. 21.

³⁰⁴Voronin, History of Russian art, so 1. C. 132.

³⁰⁵Ibid, 153 C..

³⁰⁶E.E. Golubinsky Decree. cit., so 1, 2 hours, S. 49.

³⁰⁷Jacobson A.L. Decree. cit., S. 200.

³⁰⁸Ibid., C. 83.

³⁰⁹Rappoport P.A. Decree. cit., S. 95.

³¹⁰Personal interviews with VV kavelmaherom. 2002.

³¹¹Romanik. C. 22.

³¹²Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 209.

³¹³V.I. Fedorov Decree. cit., S. 59.

³¹⁴Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 102.

³¹⁵To this author kindly pointed M. ioannisyan 2002.

³¹⁶Razin E.A. History of military art VI-XVI centuries, SPb, 1999. C. 170.

³¹⁷Jacobson A.L. Decree. cit., S. 52.

³¹⁸Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 309.

³¹⁹Rappoport P.A. Decree. cit., S. 79.

³²⁰Skvortsov A. I. Decree. cit., S. 51.

³²¹Stoletov A.V. Construction of the Vladimir-Suzdal white stone monuments and their strengthening. - In the book: Monuments of culture, research and restoration. M., 1959. C. 194.

³²²Rappoport P.A. Decree. cit., S. 39.

³²³E.E. Golubinsky Decree. cit., so 1, 2 hours, S. 49.

³²⁴Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 310.

³²⁵Skvortsov A. I. Decree. cit., S. 55.

³²⁶Ibid., C. 54-55.

³²⁷Ilyin and other History of Russian art, so 3. C. 292.

³²⁹Voronin, Architecture, so 2. C. 52.

³³⁰Ibid., C. 68.

³³¹Kavelmaher CENTURIES Cornerstone of Lapidarium George's Cathedral in Yuryev-Polish (to the question of the so-called cross Svyatoslavovom). - In the book: Old Russian art. Rus. Byzantium. The Balkans. XIII century. SPb, 1997. (Hereinafter - Kavelmaher, St. George's Cathedral). C. 196.

³⁵²PSRL. So XV, STV. 355.

³³³Voronin, Architecture, so 2. C. 122.

³³⁴Kavelmaher, St. George's Cathedral. C. 193.

³³⁵Ibid., C. 185.

³³⁶Voronin, Architecture, so 2. C. 71.

³³⁷Wagner, Yuriev. C. 18.

³³⁸Voronin, Architecture, so 2. C. 72.

³³⁹Personal interviews with VV kavelmaherom. 2002.

³⁴⁰Voronin, Architecture, so 2. C. 68.

³⁴¹Ibid., C. 69.

³⁴²Ibid., C. 161.

³⁴³Kavelmaher CENTURIES, Panova ETC. Decree. cit., S. 76.

³⁴⁴Voronin, Architecture, so 2. C. 245.

³⁴⁵Ibid. C. 264.

³⁴⁶Voronin, Architecture, so 2. C. 439.

³⁴⁷Ibid., C. 442.

³⁴⁸Personal interviews with VV kavelmaherom. 2002.

³⁴⁹Voronin, Architecture, so 2. C. 438.

³⁵⁰Ibid, 109 S..

³⁵¹Ibid, 104 S..

³⁵²Ibid, 109 S..

³⁵³Kavelmaher, St. George's Cathedral. C. 196.

³⁵⁴Voronin, Architecture, so 2. C. 253.

³⁵⁵Kavelmaher V.V., Orlov S. p. Decree. cit., 86 S..

³⁵⁶Karamzin N.M. Decree. cit., so 4, S. 263.

³⁷⁹For the first time such a view was expressed V. kavelmaherom in personal conversations in the author as a hypothesis. The author of this book is currently working on collecting information on "Gorodische" Church and similar buildings. Application of methods of historical and motivational model (unfortunately based on incomplete data) confirms the hypothesis Kavelmahera.

³⁵⁸Ilyin and other History of Russian art, so 3. C. 300.

³⁵⁹Borisov NS Decree. cit., S. 393.

³⁶⁰The assumption FI history of the Byzantine Empire. M. 1997. So 1, S. 603.

³⁶¹The VIA. So 3, C. 195.

³⁶²Borisov NS Decree. cit., S. 577.

³⁶³Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 105.

³⁶⁴Ibid, 119 S..

³⁶⁵Zagraevsky SV Jesus of Nazareth: the life and teachings. M., 2000. (Hereinafter - Zagraevsky, 2000). C. 117-120; Zagraevsky SV God is not the murderer. M, 2001. (Hereinafter - Zagraevsky, 2001). C. 112-114.

³⁶⁶Chronicle of Christianity. M 1999. (Hereinafter - Chronicle of Christianity). With. 109.

³⁶⁷The Assumption F.And. The decree. op., t. 1, with. 671.

³⁶⁸Britannica. Article “Nicaea, Council of”.

³⁶⁹Chronicle of Christianity. C. 109.

³⁷⁰Acts of the Ecumenical councils. Kazan, 1871. So 7, C. 688.

³⁷¹E.E. Golubinsky Decree. cit., so 1, 2 hours, 57 S.; Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 336.

³⁷²Zagraevsky, 2000. C. 64, 201.

³⁷³Ibid., C. 117; Zagraevsky, 2001. C. 112.

³⁷⁴Field V.M. Byzantine Art. In the book: General history of art. M., 1960. So 2, including 1, S. 60.

³⁷⁵Ibid.

³⁷⁶Individual interviews with AI Komech. 2002.

³⁷⁷E.E. Golubinsky Decree. cit., so 1, 2 hours, 57 S..

³⁷⁸Acts of the Moscow cathedrals 1666-1667, M, 1893. CH. 43.

³⁷⁹The decrees of the Holy governing Synod from 1721 to 1878 - In the book. A guide to Orthodox clergy. M., 1878.

³⁸⁰CIT. in the book. Chronicle of Christianity. C. 150.

³⁸¹Macarius, Metropolitan of Moscow and Kolomna. Orthodox dogmatic theology. SPb, 1883. Reprint ed. M, 1999. So 1, S. 11.

³⁸²Voronin, History of Russian art, so 1. C. 147.

³⁸³Ibid., C. 307.

³⁸⁴E.E. Golubinsky Decree. cit., so 1, 1 o'clock, S. 34.

³⁸⁵Shchapov yn The decree. cit., S. 47-48.

³⁸⁶Lemons Y.A Decree. cit., S. 53.

³⁸⁷PSRL. So I, STV. 351, 352.

³⁸⁸Shchapov yn The decree. cit., S. 70; E.E. Golubinsky Decree. cit., so 1, 1 o'clock, s 386.

³⁸⁹E.E. Golubinsky Decree. cit., so 1, 1 o'clock, S. 487.

³⁹⁰Ibid., C. 492.

³⁹¹Karamzin N.M. Decree. cit., so 2-3, S. 134.

³⁹²Ibid., C. 143.

³⁹³Ibid, p 168; Shchapov yn The decree. cit., S. 191.

³⁹⁴Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 119; Lemons Y.A Decree. cit., S. 48.

³⁹⁵Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 110.

³⁹⁶Ibid, 119 S..

³⁹⁷Ibid., C. 120.

³⁹⁸E.E. Golubinsky Decree. cit., so 1, 1 o'clock, S. 597.

³⁹⁹Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 123.

⁴⁰⁰E.E. Golubinsky Decree. cit., so 1, 1 o'clock, S. 553.

⁴⁰¹Ibid, p 223.

⁴⁰²Ibid., C. 596.

⁴⁰³Paco M Decree. cit., S. 24, 26.

⁴⁰⁴Chronicle of Christianity. C. 149.

⁴⁰⁵Karamzin N.M. Decree. cit., so 2-3, with 349.

⁴⁰⁶E.E. Golubinsky Decree. cit., so 1, 1 o'clock, S. 597.

⁴⁰⁷Lemons Y.A Decree. cit., S. 69.

⁴⁰⁸Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 331.

⁴⁰⁹E.E. Golubinsky Decree. cit., so 1, 2 hours, 57 S..

⁴¹⁰Ognev B.A. ON the roof coatings (to the question of restoration of the roof coatings temples of North-Eastern Russia XII-XV centuries). - In the book: Architectural heritage, № 10. M., 1958. C. 55.

⁴¹¹Ibid., C. 51.

⁴¹²Lazarev, 1978. C. 238.

⁴¹³Voronin, History of Russian art, so 1. C. 147.

⁴¹⁴Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 108.

⁴¹⁵Voronin, History of Russian art, so 1. C. 193, 194.

⁴¹⁶The assumption FI Decree. cit., so 3, C. 316.

⁴¹⁷Fishermen B.A. Applied art of Kievan Russia of IX-XI centuries and southern Russian principalities XII-XIII centuries. - In the book: The history of Russian art. Vol. 1. M., 1953. (Hereinafter - the Fishermen, the History of Russian art, so 1). C. 281; B.A. Rybakov Paganism of ancient Russia. M, 2001. C. 610-613.

⁴¹⁸Rybakov, "The Word." C. 34.

⁴¹⁹Karamzin N.M. Decree. cit., so 2-3, 475.

⁴²⁰Fishermen, History of Russian art, so 1. C. 276.

⁴²¹Groznova E.B. Features of the cult of Holy Friday and Anastasia in Russian religious life of the XVI century - In the book: Research on Russian history. SPb, 2001. C. 22.

⁴²²Zagraevsky, 2001. C. 165, 170-172, 178-180.

⁴²³In Orthodox Christianity and Hellenism penetrated through not "sovereign" symbols and Greek philosophy. The path of this penetration was difficult and long. The author of this book has focused on basic aspects of this question in one of theological studies (see Zagraevsky, 2001. C. 130-136), and here it makes sense to name only the major milestones along the way in length in one and a half thousand years:

- ancient Greek philosophy;

- the old Testament prophets;

- Philo of Alexandria (about 25 BC-about 50 BC);

- Gnosticism;

- Justin (Justin) Philosopher (OK-165);

- the Church fathers (the teachings of the Church fathers);

- medieval scholasticism.

Central link in this chain was Justin the Philosopher, the founder and the first representative of the Church fathers, by which the Church dogmatics penetrated Gnosticism. And the latter, in turn, was formed Judeo-Hellenic philosophy Philo of Alexandria (see Posnov ME pre-Christian and non-Christian gnosis. - In the book: The Gnostics. Kiev, 1997. C. 29-34).

The author of this book believes that "thanks" Justino all Church theology II-III centuries gone the way of Gnosticism, and then in this same way and went all subsequent Patristics from Athanasius of Alexandria to St. John of Damascus (see Zagraevsky, 2001. C. 135).

⁴²⁴Rybakov, "The Word." C. 72.

⁴²⁵Gaius Suetonius Tranquille. Life 12 Caesars. SPb, 1999.

⁴²⁶Britannica. Article "Alexander the Great".

⁴²⁷Individual interviews with AI Komech. 2002.

⁴²⁸Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 433.

⁴²⁹Ibid., C. 437.

⁴³⁰The assumption FI Decree. cit., so 3, C. 137.

⁴³¹Zagraevsky, 2000. C. 77.

⁴³²Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 436.

⁴³³Romanik. C. 339-343.

⁴³⁴Medieval Bestiary. M., 1984.

⁴³⁵Eco U. The Name Of The Rose. SPb, 2000. C. 149.

⁴³⁶Lazarev, 1978. C. 243.

⁴³⁷Lidov A.M. ON the symbolic idea of the sculptural decoration of the Vladimir-Suzdal churches of the XII-XIII centuries - In the book: Old Russian art. Rus. Byzantium. The Balkans. XIII century. SPb, 1997. C. 172; Vysotsky A. M. the Temple of Ezekiel as a source of external sculptural decoration of the Vladimir-Suzdal churches of the XII-XIII centuries, Sic et non. - In the book. Old Russian art. Russia and the countries of the Byzantine world. XII century. SPb, 2002. C. 255; Smooth MS, Skvortsov A.I. Periodization of the reliefs of the Dmitrievsky Cathedral in Vladimir. - In the book: Old Russian art. Art culture's - the first half of the XIII century, M. 1988. C. 307.

⁴³⁸Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 433.

⁴³⁹Lazarev V. N.. Painting The Vladimir-Suzdal Russia. - In the book: The history of Russian art. Vol. 1. M., 1953. C. 462-477.

⁴⁴⁰Ovchinnikov A.N. Suzdal Golden gate. - In the book: Treasures Of Suzdal. M., 1970. C. 148.

⁴⁴¹Ibid., C. 146.

⁴⁴²Chronicle of Christianity. C. 164.

⁴⁴³Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 348.

⁴⁴⁴Ibid.

⁴⁴⁵Ibid.

⁴⁴⁶Voronin, History of Russian art, so 1. C. 382.

⁴⁴⁷Voronin, Architecture, so 1. C. 389.

⁴⁴⁸Ioannisyan, and others, the Nativity Cathedral. C. 56.

⁴⁴⁹Wagner, Vladimir. C. 41, 222.